the chamber & or cartridges case length / volume sets limits on all things but if you change nothing else ?? ; larger cartridge lengths require longer load/extract cycle stroke
a faster bullet has less time to drop below the point of aim
faster burning & or more propellant can speed up a bullet
a longer barrel may be exploite unburned propellant
a longer barrel may add drag to the bullet
a shorter barrel may require faster propellant
a lighter bullet can go faster that a heavy bullet BUT may be less stable
heavier bullets of the same caliber preserves momentum greater than a lighter one
heavier bullets retaine more stability & FT/LBS of energy at
impact but will be longer than lighter ones of the same caliber
large caliber bullets hit harder than smaller caliber
bullets that have less air resistance & more range
45 grain 22 magnum bullets are shorter than 55 grain 223 /556
?? but hollow points hunters & tungstun complicate this thing!
22 magnum straight wall vs necked down & the 223/556 case
Bottleneck = cartridges that spreads out the pressure, burning
more propelant in a smaller bore in a more compact case
or
to get more powder behind the bullet so that you can drive it to higher velocity.
increased volume of powder in proportion to bore diameter
propellant volume = PSI + long barrel = speed = flat paths
a short, squat, cases with a long neck & little taper allows
consistent powder burn in the nearly spherical space &
the neck allows a more consistent push from behind &
grips the bullet better , consistency causes accuracy
think a round baloon plugged with a slug
"necked down" = means that you start with a straight walled case,
& you change the neck size to accept a smaller diameter bullet,
like a full brass 12 gauge necked down from 81 caliber to a 50 BMG
in a shorter barrel, all the energy needs to be imparted before
the bullet leaves so a faster powder is needed in pistols
a rifle bullet spends more time in the barrel than a pistol bullet, so
longer, narrower cartridges can use slower-burning powders for a
more steady pressure over time, developing a higher overall velocity,
more powder behind a smaller round makes a higher velocity
that makes a flatter trajectory in a smaller package overall
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